Unlocking Indigenous Wisdom: How the Rukai Tribe’s Millet Farming Practices Adapt to Climate Change

Written by Tzu-Ming Liu.

Image credit: 2009.08-莫拉克颱風之後-高雄那瑪夏鄉34 by 柯金源/ Flickr, license: CC BY-NC 2.0.

The Rukai tribe, one of Taiwan’s Indigenous peoples, has a rich culture that includes unique methods of agriculture. A key part of their farming is millet cultivation, which not only supports their way of life but also helps them deal with tough climatic conditions. Their traditional farming methods showcase how Indigenous knowledge can guide communities in facing the challenges of climate change.

Traditional farming practices often reflect generations of knowledge built through careful observation of the environment. The Rukai tribe uses a millet intercropping system that combines several types of crops. This approach ensures a steady food supply while helping to minimize risks from extreme weather, like heavy rains, which can lead to soil erosion and crop loss.

The Rukai millet intercropping system typically includes various crops—like Taiwanese amaranth, corn, sorghum, and mung beans—growing together. This mix promotes healthy soil and diverse food production. During disasters, this system shines. For instance, when Typhoon Morakot struck in 2009 and isolated the Rukai community, their mixed millet fields provided nourishment when outside food supplies were cut off. The traditional knowledge behind this method proved invaluable during those difficult times.

Besides millet, the Rukai also practices crop rotation, including plants like sweet potatoes and pumpkins. This diversity helps maintain soil health and reduces erosion, even before heavy rains hit.

However, modern developments and government policies have disrupted the Rukai tribe’s traditional farming. Changes made during Japanese and later Republic of China rule pushed the community away from their sustainable practices, introducing crops that didn’t thrive in their environment. This shift has led to soil erosion and loss of biodiversity.

Moreover, the introduction of private land ownership has weakened community bonds and led many young people to seek opportunities elsewhere, resulting in decreased agricultural activity and greater reliance on external food sources. Such policies ultimately increase vulnerability to climate change, making it harder for the tribe to respond effectively to natural disasters.

Millet is not just a crop for the Rukai; it holds great cultural significance. It’s used in ceremonies and is a source of pride for families that can cultivate it abundantly. Millet symbolizes respect within the community, and those who cultivate it well gain prestige and the ability to wear millet jewelry.

Today, tourism is becoming popular in the Hayu Creek area, drawing some tribe members away from traditional agriculture in search of economic benefits from visitors. While this shift may promise new opportunities, it risks food security and undermines agricultural practices that have sustained the community for generations.

Moving forward, it’s essential to create plans that support sustainable development while honoring traditional knowledge. Encouraging a blend of old and new agricultural methods can help the Rukai tribe maintain food security and cultural heritage against the backdrop of climate change.

Additionally, the issue of forced displacement due to government policies must be addressed. True solutions should empower the Rukai tribe, allowing them to adapt to changing conditions while remaining connected to their farming traditions. By valuing Indigenous knowledge and supporting self-sufficiency, real progress can be made in confronting climate change.

This article is part of a special issue on ‘Navigating Climate Adaptation Challenges in Taiwan’.

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