Climate Change Threatens Mediterranean Olive Oil: Protecting ‘Liquid Gold’ for Future Generations – Daily News Egypt

Olive oil, a beloved ingredient across the Mediterranean, is facing serious threats from climate change. A recent study published in Communications Earth & Environment highlights how growing water stress and declining solar activity could put olive production at risk. The Mediterranean region produces over 98% of the world’s olive oil.

The research team analyzed 8,000 years of fossil pollen records to understand olive tree productivity and how various environmental factors affect it. They found that temperature shifts, changes in rainfall, and reduction in sunlight could weaken olive groves. These changes particularly threaten farmers, economies, and families who rely on olive farming.

Samuel Luterbacher, a climate scientist at the University of Giessen, explained, “Most studies focus on short-term climate variability. We’re showing that long-term climatic patterns, including solar cycles, have influenced olive productivity for thousands of years, and these cycles are now changing.”

The study pinpointed three key factors that impact olive production: photosynthesis, water availability, and sunlight. Historical droughts and low solar activity often led to decreases in olive yields. Olive farmers in regions like Greece, Italy, and Spain might soon face increased water shortages, especially during important growth periods.

Adding to the urgency, the sun seems to be entering a “grand solar minimum,” a phase of reduced solar radiation. The last significant drop in solar activity happened during the Maunder Minimum in the 17th century, which was linked to global cooling and widespread agricultural hardships.

This combination of drought and less sunlight creates a "perfect storm" for olive farmers. The implications of these changes extend beyond farming. Olive oil is a key economic driver in countries like Spain, Italy, Greece, and Tunisia, supporting over 6.7 million families according to the International Olive Council.

Egypt is trying to increase its olive production, especially in desert areas. Yet, experts warn that water shortages could hinder this growth if climate conditions worsen. Mohamed Dawood, an agricultural engineer, emphasizes the need for smarter farming practices. “In Egypt, many olive trees are planted in dry areas where water is already scarce. If things get drier, we must adapt to keep our yields up,” he said.

The study calls for a reevaluation of olive management practices. Solutions might include developing drought-resistant olive varieties, improving soil moisture retention, and reassessing planting locations in line with expected climate changes.

The climate crisis is worsening, bringing extreme weather to the Mediterranean. Spain, a major olive oil producer, reported a staggering 50% drop in olive production in 2023 due to severe drought.

Ines Álvarez, a researcher from the University of Jaén, warns: “We are already witnessing the effects of climate change on olive production.” The researchers urge that policies should focus on sustainable water use, maintaining biodiversity, and cutting greenhouse gas emissions to protect olive farming.

For Egypt, which aims to become a major player in olive oil exports, this is a critical time to adopt climate-smart practices. As olive trees show signs of stress, it’s clear that the treasured “liquid gold” of the Mediterranean is at risk, and decisive action is needed now.

For more insights on how climate change impacts agriculture, consider checking the International Olive Council for additional information.

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Agriculture,climate,environment,Mediterranean,Olive oil