Great Smoky Mountains National Park is rich in environmental data that tells us about the region’s weather and climate. Every day, dedicated observers share information about the park’s changing conditions, adding to a valuable pool of knowledge.
Monitoring the environment in the park has a long history. It all began with early efforts in the U.S. to understand our geography and weather patterns. The first major initiative was Thomas Jefferson’s Survey of the Coast in 1807. Later, in 1870, the Weather Bureau, now known as the National Weather Service (NWS), was established. Environmental monitoring is now a routine part of life, especially in the Smokies.
Derek Eisentrout from the NWS shared that the oldest weather observation site in the park began in 1921, even before the park was officially established. This site, located at an old apple orchard, has continued to provide crucial data.
The park’s weather monitoring system, known as the Cooperative Observers Program (COOP), is essential. Most of its sites are in Tennessee, including locations like Mount Le Conte (1987), Newfound Gap (1991), and Cades Cove (1999). There’s also a site at Oconaluftee in North Carolina, established in 1958.
Through COOP, volunteers collect vital data on daily temperatures, precipitation, and snowfall, assisting in weather forecasting. These observers, part of a network of 8,700 across the country, play a vital role in understanding weather patterns.
“The data collected is the backbone of the nation’s climatology,” Eisentrout explained. “People like to know what the normal weather is and where records stand.” For example, the average temperature at Mount Le Conte in February is 35.2°F maximum and 19.5°F minimum. It holds the state record for 24-hour snowfall at 30 inches and a snow depth record of 63 inches, both from a storm in 1993.
Weather data is not only important for forecasts but also for scientific research. It helps scientists understand trends related to floods, droughts, and extreme weather. This data is incorporated into broader climate studies, revealing seasonal shifts and variability within the park and beyond.
Additionally, environmental conditions like wind, humidity, and air quality are monitored at over 40 sites in the Smokies, providing a comprehensive view of the park’s climate. This diverse data can be found online through various agencies, enabling researchers and the public to explore the park’s environmental history.
The commitment to maintaining these observation sites goes beyond just data collection. NWS staff like Eisentrout and Christopher Horne visit these locations at least once a year to ensure the integrity of the equipment and foster relationships with the volunteer observers. Some sites, like Mount Le Conte, can only be accessed by a challenging hike, requiring careful planning and preparation.
The wealth of information available from these weather stations is invaluable. It aids in understanding weather phenomena and impacts, while also connecting those interested in the Smokies to the history and science of the area. This treasure trove of data not only enhances our knowledge but also deepens our appreciation for the natural world.
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