In 2024, state legislatures shattered records by proposing 533 bills aimed at LGBTQ+ individuals. These laws are creating a confusing legal landscape that changes from state to state and even within states. They impact many parts of daily life, including education, play, and employment.
These policies not only affect LGBTQ+ people but also have broader implications for public health.
As a health policy researcher, I investigate how laws shape public health. Research shows that the social determinants of health—the factors that influence how we live, learn, and work—are deeply tied to the well-being of LGBTQ+ individuals. Recent studies reveal that negative public policies can have long-lasting impacts on health for everyone.
Take same-sex marriage as an example of how laws affect LGBTQ+ health. Legalizing same-sex marriage in the U.S. led to a significant increase in health insurance coverage for gay and lesbian couples. A study published shortly after the national legalization showed improved health coverage for these groups, even among those who remained single. This change helped shift social attitudes, contributing to better health outcomes.
Access to gender-affirming care is another important area. A national study of almost 30,000 transgender and nonbinary people linked supportive policies to reduced suicide attempts and mental health crisis hospitalizations. Studies show that starting hormone therapy noticeably decreases feelings of depression and anxiety.
Policies beyond healthcare also play a role. For instance, transgender and nonbinary people in states with strong discrimination protections report better mental health than those in less supportive states. Similarly, LGBTQ+ students feel safer and experience lower rates of suicidal thoughts in schools designated as safe spaces.
However, there is an alarming rise in anti-LGBTQ+ policies in many states. While some states have taken steps to be more inclusive, others have created barriers that limit LGBTQ+ youth from accessing safe spaces in schools. This conflicting legislative trend creates a more polarized environment.
The Supreme Court recently ruled that workplace protections against discrimination include sexual orientation and gender identity. Yet, certain political movements threaten to roll back these protections, which is worrying for LGBTQ+ employees and their mental health.
Emerging anti-LGBTQ+ policies could have consequences beyond just this community. For example, a 2025 Supreme Court case challenges whether employers must cover a medication that prevents HIV, raising concerns for public health that affect everyone.
The previous administration’s push to reduce LGBTQ+ resources and erase supportive data from government websites further complicates the health landscape. This withdrawal of information restricts vital research that helps all Americans, not just LGBTQ+ populations.
Countries like New Zealand and Australia continue to collect valuable demographic data on LGBTQ+ individuals, highlighting the importance of inclusivity in public health policy. In contrast, U.S. policies that ignore LGBTQ+ issues could lead to less safe communities and hinder economic growth.
The growing wave of anti-LGBTQ+ laws is already causing distress, especially among youth. Evidence suggests these restrictions and harmful portrayals in media are contributing to increased mental health struggles.
Ultimately, inclusive policies are essential for creating healthier communities and stronger economies. They not only support LGBTQ+ individual rights but improve overall public health and well-being. The ongoing legal battles and shifts in policy will shape the future of LGBTQ+ rights and public health for everyone.
Dr. Tran is an Assistant Professor of Health Policy and Administration at the University of Illinois at Chicago.
Check out this related article: Meet Madera County’s New Director: Transforming Behavioral Health Services for Our Community
Source linklegislation, policy, health, lgbtq
