Reaching net-zero emissions is often seen as the moment we gain control over climate change. However, recent research warns that the challenges don’t end there.
Scientists are discovering that some climate damage keeps worsening even after global temperatures stabilize. For example, sea levels may continue to rise, and thawing permafrost can release vast amounts of carbon dioxide. This means achieving net-zero emissions is just the beginning of a much longer journey to combat climate change.
The Ongoing Climate Crisis
Research shows that even if we manage to halt emissions, related climate effects like sea-level rise can persist. For instance, the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) emphasizes that unless we actively remove carbon from the atmosphere over centuries, we’re likely to face escalating challenges. Johannes Bednar, a researcher at IIASA, highlights how long-term warming impacts can build over generations, making it clear that cutting emissions isn’t enough on its own.
The Slow Response of Nature
Nature takes its time to react. Ocean waters expand slowly, and thawing permafrost releases trapped carbon long after warming has begun. In fact, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has warned that sea levels will keep rising even beyond the year 2100 if temperatures hover around 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. This slow response complicates our mission, as simply stabilizing temperatures won’t stop the ongoing risks.
The Threat of Thawing Permafrost
One concerning factor is the thawing of permafrost. It’s estimated that these emissions could require an additional five percent in carbon removal efforts, even if we manage to cut other emissions effectively. Ignoring this could lead to even more severe outcomes, pushing the boundaries of our climate goals.
Permanent Carbon Removal Strategies
A key finding from recent studies is that carbon removal efforts should not just be a temporary solution. Instead, they should be viewed as an essential part of our long-term strategy. Researchers suggest that once we hit peak temperatures, ongoing carbon removal will be necessary to manage risks effectively.
Future Responsibilities
On July 23, 2025, the International Court of Justice indicated that countries have a duty to act against climate harm. This highlights the need for a long-lasting approach to carbon emissions and removal, beyond current policies. As noted by Bednar, simply focusing on short-term targets falls short if profound climate risks persist long after these deadlines.
A Broader Climate Strategy
The Paris Agreement remains crucial in the fight against climate change, but it’s important to see its targets as starting points. Immediate emissions cuts are vital, but they must be paired with ongoing carbon removal efforts to effectively stabilize the climate. Wealthier nations may face increasing pressure to accelerate these actions.
In summary, achieving net-zero emissions is not the finish line; it marks the start of a long-term commitment to environmental health. A dual approach—reducing pollution now and implementing continuous carbon removal—will be essential for addressing long-standing climate challenges. This comprehensive strategy will help ensure a safer climate for future generations.
For more information on climate science and ongoing research, check out the article published in Environmental Research Letters here.
