Italy has long defined citizenship through bloodlines, a principle that dates back to its unification in 1861. If your parent was an Italian citizen, you were too. This rule, known as “ius sanguinis,” has given many people outside Italy a connection to their roots.
Recently, however, Italy’s Constitutional Court indicated a shift in this long-standing tradition. The court is leaning towards supporting a controversial law passed in March 2025. This law limits citizenship for those born outside Italy, which could change the lives of many descendants hoping to connect with their heritage.
The court’s preliminary rulings suggest that it sees the government’s new stance as legitimate. The law now states that only those with a parent or grandparent born in Italy can be recognized as citizens. This effectively ends dual citizenship for those with Italian heritage. Many who had relied on the older laws to secure their citizenship are now facing uncertainty.
Professor Corrado Caruso, a legal expert, expressed disappointment about the potential decision. He had anticipated a more favorable outcome based on the long history of citizenship laws supporting descendants. Historically, citizenship laws have evolved to recognize shifts in society and demographics. With more than 6.4 million Italians living abroad, the implications of citizenship changes are profound.
Historically, between 1861 and 1918, around 16 million Italians emigrated, seeking better lives. For many, maintaining Italian citizenship while abroad was a way to keep their roots alive. However, now, those who move abroad face the risk of cutting their families off from Italian citizenship. This is a stark contrast to the past, where citizenship was often automatically passed down.
Recent statistics reveal a surge in citizenship applications, especially from countries like Argentina. In just one year, Italian consulates there processed 30,000 applications, highlighting the strong connection many feel toward Italy. Still, for many, applying for citizenship is a lengthy and expensive process that can take years.
Additionally, past gender discrimination complicates matters. Until 1948, Italian women could not pass their citizenship to their children. Many of those descendants feel that their future is now even more uncertain as new laws come into play.
As Italy confronts a declining population, limiting citizenship options for the diaspora seems counterproductive. A record 155,732 Italians left the country in 2024 alone. Cities like Mussomeli have tried to bring back descendants, offering programs to resettle individuals with Italian ties. But with new laws in place, these initiatives may suffer setbacks.
Legal experts still see hope. Some believe that cases will continue to be challenged in higher courts. There’s talk of taking matters to the European courts, where decisions may differ from Italian law.
While the future remains uncertain, many are determined to fight for their rights. As one lawyer put it, “This is a sad day for millions, but the struggle is just beginning.” The battle over citizenship laws in Italy is far from over, and the outcome could reshape the lives of countless individuals connected to Italy’s vibrant history.
