India recently completed its participation in COP30, the United Nations Climate Change Conference, held in Belém, Brazil, from November 10 to 21, 2025. The country emphasized its commitment to equity, climate justice, and multilateral collaboration.
A key concern raised was climate finance. India pointed out that securing financial resources is vital for stepping up climate action, especially for vulnerable communities. The government showcased its plans for renewable energy, including green hydrogen and ammonia projects, along with its first National Adaptation Plan.
Yet, domestically, India faces serious challenges. Delhi’s air quality, particularly in December, has deteriorated, with pollution levels reaching dangerously high metrics. This is still tied to coal usage, as the country relies heavily on it for electricity. Notably, coal production is nearing one billion tons, underlining its importance to the economy and employment.
Between 2021 and 2025, India lost over 78,000 hectares of forest for projects like mining and infrastructure, raising concerns over environmental impact. Experts suggest better regional coordination is needed to combat air pollution.
According to government data, the coal sector currently employs roughly 360,000 people, evidencing the industry’s ongoing investment despite the push for renewable solutions. This situation highlights a critical tension: the need for economic development versus the urgent call for sustainable practices.
At COP30, India joined the G77 and China to advocate for climate finance clarity under the Paris Agreement, highlighting that no community should be left behind in the shift toward sustainable practices.
India’s ongoing struggle with coal dependency and air quality showcases complex domestic challenges against a backdrop of global climate discussions. As the country navigates its distinct needs and responsibilities, it remains essential for evolving strategies that incorporate broader climate finance and technologies accessible to developing nations.
For more insights on climate justice and India’s global role, read the following articles: Climate Justice On Credit and Operation Sindoor: A Response to Terror Attacks.
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