Mumbai: As 2025 wraps up, India’s environmental scene has been a mix of promises and protests. From people rallying against air pollution in Delhi to tree-saving demonstrations in Nashik, the nation’s struggle is clear. The government launched its first emissions intensity targets, but it also relaxed rules meant to protect forests.
The urgency of environmental action is critical. India faces serious consequences from climate change and extreme weather. In fact, reports indicate that extreme weather events affected the country 99% of days during the first nine months of 2025, leading to severe heat waves, storms, and floods. During the years 1995 to 2020, there were over 1,000 significant climate-related disasters impacting millions.
The world is projected to exceed the 1.5°C warming limit, affecting not just India but global stability. Current climate commitments point towards a possible increase of 2.3 to 2.8°C if not addressed.
Delhi’s Struggle with Pollution
In New Delhi, air quality remains a pressing issue. The air quality index reported alarming figures for weeks, pushing residents to protest for stricter pollution controls. In November, demonstrators clashed with police, demanding urgent action. The Commission for Air Quality Management responded with new measures, including nighttime patrols and road cleaning, to combat pollution.
Historically, Delhi’s air quality has ranked among the worst globally. In recent years, this situation has worsened, prompting citizen activism. Some experts argue it’s a wake-up call for policymakers. “People are no longer passive. They want immediate solutions,” said environmental activist Neha Joshi.
Concerns for Great Nicobar Island
Meanwhile, projects planned on Great Nicobar Island have raised alarms among scientists and environmentalists. They argue that construction may harm crucial rainforests and coastal ecosystems. The ongoing discussions highlight the need for a balance between development and environmental sustainability, particularly in seismic zones prone to natural disasters.
Forest Disputes in Hyderabad
In Hyderabad, plans to clear 400 acres of forest for development sparked protests. Activists and residents rallied to protect this biodiverse area, leading to a court intervention. These events illustrate a growing awareness and resistance to deforestation across urban landscapes in India.
Controversies in Nashik
Nashik saw protests against the felling of around 1,700 trees for construction projects tied to the Kumbh Mela. Activists compared their actions to the Chipko movement, showing how deeply rooted environmental concerns are in Indian culture. The National Green Tribunal even ordered a halt to the tree felling, requiring a re-evaluation of its environmental impact.
Recent Policy Changes
This year also brought policy shifts. The Ministry of Environment announced new audit rules to monitor pollution compliance among industries. While officials describe this as a step forward, critics worry about the potential for corruption. “Auditors need strict oversight. Otherwise, we could see industries bending the rules,” said an unnamed former pollution control official.
In April, the government introduced emissions intensity targets for high-polluting sectors, compelling them to either reduce emissions or purchase carbon credits. Experts see this as a critical step toward meeting climate goals, but they urge the government to ensure these measures align with India’s long-term climate objectives.
Overall, 2025 has been a pivotal year for India’s environmental narrative, spotlighting intense public concern and active engagement in safeguarding the planet. The interplay of activism, policy, and environmental reality sets the stage for the years to come. While local protests highlight grassroots advocacy, the broader challenge remains: how to balance development with sustainability in a rapidly changing world.
(Contributors include local activists and experts. Feedback can be sent to respond@indiaspend.org.)
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