Russian scientists are exploring a fascinating new plasma propulsion system that could greatly speed up missions to Mars. This innovative engine from Rosatom’s Troitsk Institute is currently undergoing ground tests and might be ready for space use by 2030.
Unlike traditional chemical rockets, this system uses electromagnetic fields to propel hydrogen particles. If it meets expectations, it could change how we plan interplanetary missions, benefiting both civilian and military sectors. There is a global interest in electric propulsion systems, making this development even more significant.
The engine is being tested in a massive 14-meter vacuum chamber that mimics space conditions. It operates at 300 kilowatts and has shown impressive endurance, lasting 2,400 hours—which is enough for a full mission to Mars. Alexei Voronov, a top scientist at the institute, reveals that the engine can accelerate charged hydrogen particles up to an astonishing 100 kilometers per second, far surpassing the speeds of current chemical rockets, which peak at around 4.5 kilometers per second.
It’s important to note that this plasma engine won’t launch from Earth; instead, traditional rockets will get it into low-Earth orbit before the plasma engine kicks in for deep space travel. This system could also act as a space tug, ferrying cargo between orbits.
The propulsion relies on hydrogen and an onboard nuclear reactor, which provides consistent power. Researcher Egor Biriulin explains that using hydrogen allows for faster acceleration while consuming less fuel. This is because hydrogen is light and abundant in space, presenting possibilities for future refueling strategies.
The engine uses a clever setup of high-voltage electrodes to create a magnetic field that pushes the plasma for thrust. This design avoids extreme heating of the plasma, reducing wear and improving efficiency. With a thrust of 6 newtons, it is the most powerful among existing plasma propulsion prototypes, as reported in Rosatom’s technical documentation.
Plasma propulsion is not new; it’s already in use with satellites and other missions launched recently. For example, the technology has supported OneWeb satellites and NASA’s Psyche asteroid mission, which launched in 2023. Current plasma systems usually reach speeds between 30 and 50 kilometers per second, but this new engine is set to double that average. However, it still has not been tested in space, and no performance data have been published in peer-reviewed studies.
While this technology holds great potential, there are challenges ahead. Spacecraft powered by nuclear energy face regulatory hurdles and safety concerns. No reactor design for this engine is available yet, and navigating the approval process for handling nuclear materials will be complicated. Integrating this kind of propulsion system into crewed missions will also require major redesigns to manage heat, radiation, and power distribution efficiently.
Despite these hurdles, representatives expect a functional model by 2030, provided testing proceeds successfully and funding remains stable. The journey of this plasma propulsion system could define the future of space exploration.
