Introduction
Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) is a strategy that helps people adapt to climate change. The 15th Convention on Biological Diversity in 2009 defined it as using nature and biodiversity to support adaptation efforts. EbA is part of a larger approach called nature-based solutions (NbS). It focuses on creating a strong relationship between the health of our ecosystems and the well-being of people while combining traditional methods of adaptation. EbA addresses key issues such as sustainable development, climate resilience, and biodiversity conservation, making it a cost-effective alternative to more engineered solutions.
Research shows that EbA is not only effective but also economical. Studies indicate that around 65% of EbA projects, mainly in developing countries, are more successful than traditional engineering solutions. Various assessment techniques, like cost-benefit analysis, have been applied to measure the socioeconomic advantages of EbA. However, despite this evidence and support from international organizations, the expansion of EbA in India has lagged. India’s rich ecosystems and traditional knowledge provide a strong foundation for these projects, but they need to be better aligned with the country’s goals and challenges.
Ecosystem-based Adaptation: Fit for India
To effectively adapt to climate change, India must consider its unique geographical and climatic features. Covering 3.28 million square kilometers and home to 15 agroclimatic zones, the country is susceptible to various climate challenges, including heatwaves, droughts, and erratic rainfall. Recent reports confirm a warming trend in India, with increasing rainfall variabilities affecting different regions differently.
According to a climate vulnerability assessment, many parts of India are at high risk of agricultural drought, especially in the west and south. This situation is compounded by a large population, with about 80% living in areas vulnerable to climate impacts. A recent report indicates a significant funding gap for adaptation efforts, highlighting the need for around INR 444.7 billion (about $5.5 billion) from 2021 to 2030 to meet adaptation goals. Given these challenges, cost-effective strategies like EbA could offer practical solutions for funding issues.
India often views adaptation as an added cost, making it essential to prove its value alongside potential financial damage. Despite these hurdles, there are positive signs. The government’s Initial Adaptation Communication emphasizes a holistic approach, including economic and social dimensions. However, current adaptation actions remain fragmented, underscoring the need for a more organized framework. EbA aligns with India’s focus on multi-benefit projects, leveraging its diverse ecosystems and traditional knowledge to enhance adaptability.
Building a Framework for EbA: India’s Approach
India’s government is laying groundwork for EbA through various initiatives. Programs like Jal Shakti Abhiyan and Atal Bhujal Yojana reflect the principles of ecosystem-based solutions. In 2023, during a significant multi-stakeholder meeting, the government recognized the importance of EbA in restoring the Himalayan region and advancing climate action.
Further efforts include proposed financing to enhance resilience in coastal communities. Non-governmental organizations, like the Watershed Organisation Trust, are making strides in implementing EbA practices in states like Maharashtra. They have witnessed notable increases in income and forest cover since 2016. Yet, financial constraints hinder rapid adoption of EbA, as ongoing adaptation initiatives operate with limited resources.
Key Challenges in Upscaling EbA in India
To fully harness EbA’s potential, it is essential to identify and address challenges. A key issue in India is the lack of standardized data and monitoring frameworks. Effective adaptation requires rigorous monitoring and evaluation, but current practices may not capture the complexities of EbA. A comprehensive understanding of various sectors is necessary to assess long-term impacts, particularly as ecosystem services are vulnerable to changes.
Furthermore, the absence of readily available and standardized data makes attracting investment challenging. Investors prefer projects with clear, reliable information about outcomes. Therefore, enhancing data accessibility and establishing a centralized repository could bridge financing gaps and bolster confidence in EbA practices.
Another major hurdle is the knowledge gap between policy frameworks and grassroots implementation. Training programs that educate local communities about EbA’s benefits and practices will be essential for effective and sustained implementation.
Additionally, ambiguities in the taxonomy of EbA lead to an inconsistent understanding and funding landscape. Clearly defining EbA initiatives could help ease funding challenges and enhance investment potential. Institutional and governance issues, including land fragmentation and differences in governmental structures, also pose obstacles. Collaboration across different levels of government will be necessary for successful scaling of EbA practices.
Conclusion
Implementing EbA as a standard practice in India will require time and focused effort. Integrating EbA into national development policies must be a key priority, especially in light of the increasing urgency of climate change. While the benefits of EbA are recognized globally, adapting its principles to meet India’s specific needs will significantly strengthen the country’s resilience against climate impacts.
