Unlocking the Future of Space: How NASA and DoD Can Propel Nuclear Power Breakthroughs

Space nuclear power and propulsion technologies are on the brink of major advancements. After years of development, experts believe we could see operational systems in the next few years—but this will require steady government support.

Kristin Houston, president of space propulsion and power systems at L3Harris Technologies, expressed optimism: “We are finally at the cusp for both nuclear electric propulsion and nuclear thermal propulsion. These solutions can be matured and ready for flight in the next five years.” Houston’s team comes from the recent acquisition of Aerojet Rocketdyne, a key player in providing nuclear propulsion systems to NASA.

NASA is currently exploring various applications of space nuclear technology. For instance, L3Harris is contributing to the Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator for NASA’s Dragonfly mission to Titan, Saturn’s largest moon. This mission is set to launch in July 2028, aiming for arrival in 2034.

Another exciting initiative is NASA’s Fission Surface Power program. This effort focuses on developing nuclear power systems for operations on the Moon and Mars. It involves collaboration among teams from L3Harris and industry leaders like Lockheed Martin and X-Energy. The second phase of this program is expected to begin later this year, targeting systems that can provide 40 kilowatts of power—enough to sustain about 30 households for ten years.

Nuclear power in space serves two main purposes: power generation and propulsion.

For power generation, radioisotope thermoelectric generators convert heat from radioactive decay into electricity. These systems are vital for deep-space missions, where solar power isn’t an option. On the other hand, propulsion technologies include:

• Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP): This involves heating a propellant, usually liquid hydrogen, using a nuclear reactor. This process generates thrust with efficiency that exceeds chemical rockets.
• Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP): This method transforms thermal energy from a nuclear reactor into electricity to power electric thrusters. NEP systems provide lower thrust but exceptional efficiency, perfect for long missions.

Beyond research and exploration, these technologies have important applications for national security. Houston noted that nuclear propulsion enhances strategic mobility, enabling faster positioning of spacecraft.

For future Mars missions, nuclear thermal propulsion can significantly cut travel time—getting to Mars in about half the time of chemical engines. Additionally, NEP can efficiently move cargo.

NASA and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) are also pioneers in testing these technologies with the Demonstration Rocket for Agile Cislunar Operations (DRACO) program. This initiative aims to test a nuclear thermal rocket engine in space.

William Sack from L3Harris stated that projects like DRACO are crucial for demonstrating the capabilities of nuclear thermal propulsion. The company has even developed its own NTP vehicle concept, putting them in a prime position if NASA decides to go ahead with similar missions to Mars.

While the future looks promising, Houston highlighted the need for consistent government investment to fully realize these technologies and enhance the space economy. This coordinated effort could not only pave the way for exploration but also adapt to the growing demands of space travel and commerce.

For more insights on the potential of nuclear power in space, you can refer to [NASA’s Fission Surface Power program](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/tdm/fission-surface-power.html).

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L3Harris Technologies,nuclear electric propulsion,nuclear thermal propulsion,Space Symposium