Winter is Coming: How Deteriorating Air Quality Index (AQI) Poses New Health Risks

Air Pollution in India: A Growing Concern

Air pollution remains a major issue in India, affecting millions. It’s not just a city problem; people in rural areas are also feeling its effects. The recent Supreme Court ruling to allow older petrol and diesel vehicles back on the roads in Delhi has sparked worry among experts. They fear this could worsen pollution, especially with winter approaching. Historically, winter in northern India means higher pollution levels due to stubble burning and other factors.

Understanding Air Quality Index (AQI)

The Air Quality Index (AQI) is crucial for measuring pollution and its impact on health. According to the 2024 IQAir report, Delhi is the most polluted capital globally, with 11 of the world’s 20 most polluted cities located in India. Poor air quality is linked to health problems like respiratory diseases, which can cut life expectancy by nearly five years.

Several factors contribute to low AQI levels—vehicle emissions, industrial activities, stubble burning, and even natural dust storms. In winter, smoke from burning rice stubble combines with cold air and low wind, trapping pollutants close to the ground.

The Vehicle Emissions Dilemma

Urban transportation contributes significantly to air pollution, accounting for 20-30% of particulate matter in cities. Vehicles emit harmful pollutants, worsening respiratory and cardiovascular issues. Congested traffic adds to the problem, leading to higher emissions per kilometer.

Professor S.N. Mishra, a climate change expert, warns that allowing older vehicles to remain on roads contradicts efforts to improve air quality. He states, “This move could jeopardize progress made in reducing pollution levels, especially with winter’s peak pollution.”

Industrial Pollution’s Role

Not all pollution comes from traffic. Industries also play a significant role, as 50% of urban air pollution is linked to industrial emissions. Factories and power plants release large amounts of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, worsening air quality and causing health issues like respiratory ailments.

Agricultural Practices and Stubble Burning

Agriculture contributes to seasonal air pollution, notably through stubble burning in states like Punjab and Haryana. Farmers burn stubble to prepare fields quickly for new crops. This results in thick, harmful smog that engulfs large areas, making air quality very poor during harvest time.

While alternatives like mechanized removal exist, they can be expensive and time-consuming, and many farmers continue the practice of burning for convenience.

Other Contributing Factors

Dust from natural and human activities, along with ineffective waste management, adds to pollution levels. With around 62 million tons of waste generated annually, only a fraction is processed. Fires at landfills release hazardous gases, further deteriorating air quality.

Health and Economic Impact

The consequences of poor air quality are dire. Around two million premature deaths occur each year due to pollution-related issues. Health problems extend beyond respiratory issues, affecting productivity and placing a strain on healthcare systems. High pollution episodes can deter tourists and investors, impacting the economy.

Efforts to Combat Pollution

The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) aims to reduce particulate matter by 20-30% by 2024, with a target of a 40% reduction by 2026. It focuses on 131 cities, targeting industrial emissions and increasing public awareness. Additionally, the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) introduces measures to address declining air quality but has limitations in tackling underlying issues.

In Conclusion

Air pollution in India is a complex issue influenced by multiple factors, from vehicle emissions to industrial waste and agricultural practices. Collaborative efforts are necessary to address this ongoing challenge, ensuring cleaner air for future generations. The fight against pollution requires commitment, innovation, and community involvement.

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