The European Commission has set new rules for using new genomic techniques (NGTs) in plant breeding. These rules were agreed upon on April 21, 2026, and are expected to be in place by mid-2028.
Currently, plants created through NGTs fall under EU genetic modification (GMO) laws. However, NGT plants can closely resemble those made by traditional breeding or found naturally. The new framework aims to clarify regulations for plants that don’t introduce foreign DNA, while those with foreign genetic material will continue under existing GMO rules.
NGT Regulations
On December 4, 2025, a provisional agreement was reached between the European Council and the European Parliament regarding NGT rules. All NGT plants must be listed in a public database and cannot be labeled organic.
Here’s a quick breakdown of the two categories established:
Category 1 includes plants similar to those bred conventionally or naturally. These plants will need approval from national authorities before hitting the market. Seeds must be labeled as NGT, but the plants themselves won’t require labels, except for herbicide-tolerant ones. A study on patenting’s impact will follow this category’s enforcement.
Category 2 consists of more complex modifications. Plants in this category must undergo thorough risk and safety assessments and will require labeling that communicates their genetic traits. There could be incentives for sustainable traits, but countries can still impose restrictions on these plants.
The Influence of Patenting
One year after the new regulations take effect, the Commission will evaluate how patenting affects seed availability, innovation, and competitiveness in the EU’s plant industry. This study will help determine if any corrective measures are needed.
Benefits of NGTs
Experts suggest that NGTs can help create plants suited for current challenges, like food insecurity and climate change. They can lead to:
- Climate-resilient crops
- Pest-resistant plants
- Reduced need for fertilizers and pesticides
- Higher yields
- Plants with fewer allergens
- More efficient use of water and resources
For instance, NGTs have already developed low-gluten wheat, pathogen-resistant potatoes, and drought-tolerant maize. These innovations are examples of how science can support food production sustainably.
With global food demands rising, tools like NGTs could play a crucial role in feeding the growing population while addressing environmental concerns.
For a deeper dive into food safety topics, check out resources from trusted organizations like the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
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