Discovering the Surprising Shape of Lead-208 Nucleus: A Game-Changer for Atomic Nucleus Models

A team of scientists from the University of Surrey has made a surprising discovery about the lead-208 atomic nucleus. For years, it was thought to be perfectly spherical. However, recent research shows that it’s actually slightly elongated, resembling a rugby ball instead.

Lead-208 is known as a “doubly magic” nucleus, which gives it exceptional stability, making it the heaviest stable isotope of lead we know of. In a study published in Physical Review Letters, the researchers used advanced techniques to examine its shape. Their findings challenge traditional views and could change how we understand heavy element formation in the universe.

Dr. Jack Henderson, the lead researcher, explained that four different measurements helped them arrive at this insight. They utilized highly sensitive equipment to gather data that contradicted the longstanding assumption about lead-208’s shape. He remarked, “What we saw surprised us and opens new doors for research.”

The scientists employed the GRETINA gamma-ray spectrometer at Argonne National Laboratory, where they bombarded lead atoms with particle beams moving at incredible speeds—10% of the speed of light. This interaction produced unique gamma-ray emissions, revealing vital information about the excited states of the lead-208 nuclei and, ultimately, its shape.

The research prompts theoretical physicists to revisit existing models of atomic nuclei. Professor Paul Stevenson, a key theorist on the project, noted the experiments suggest that the structure of nuclei is more complicated than previously assumed. He added, “We are refining our theories to understand why lead-208 behaves this way, especially regarding its vibrations when excited.”

This groundbreaking study, involving experts from various nuclear physics research hubs across Europe and North America, not only challenges fundamental principles of nuclear physics but also paves the way for new investigations into stability, astrophysics, and quantum mechanics.

For more detailed insights, you can refer to the original study: Deformation and Collectivity in Doubly Magic ²⁰⁸Pb, published in Physical Review Letters.

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