Essential Avian Flu Updates for Agriculture, Food Safety, and Trade: Insights from the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences

Avian flu is making waves in animal agriculture, impacting our food supply and international trade. This issues were at the forefront of a recent forum at NC State University’s Food Animal Initiative (FAI). Experts in science, government, and veterinary medicine gathered to discuss the threats of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and how we can protect our poultry, dairy, and swine industries.

North Carolina stands out in agriculture, accounting for about 70% of the cash receipts in the industry. The state leads in poultry and egg production, which makes addressing HPAI a top priority. The forum focused on the risks this flu poses not just to birds, but also to human health, food safety, and the economy.

Since early 2022, when the avian flu virus began spreading through migratory birds, the U.S. has seen significant outbreaks. Unfortunately, over 168 million birds have been affected, compounding the risks for farmers who depend on poultry and dairy for their livelihoods. Dr. Lisa Rochette of the USDA noted that the disease’s impact is most severe on pullets and egg-laying hens due to their high housing density.

In a first for the U.S., HPAI was detected in dairy cattle in March 2024, raising significant concerns. When this occurred, testing revealed one affected herd in North Carolina. Fortunately, cows typically recover well, but the virus’s presence in multiple species raises alarms for disease tracking, as it can potentially jump to humans.

So far, there have been only 70 reported human infections in the U.S., primarily among those working closely with poultry. Most cases presented mild symptoms, but one death was recorded in a man with pre-existing health issues. Experts like Emily Herring from North Carolina’s public health department assure that the risk of human-to-human transmission remains extremely low. Ongoing surveillance efforts aim to monitor any signs early to avert larger outbreaks.

Food safety remains a crucial topic, especially for consumers. Experts like Lee-Ann Jaykus, a food virologist, reassure us that cooking and pasteurization effectively eliminate the virus. Following safe practices with milk and poultry is critical, and the advocacy against consuming raw products remains strong.

A significant takeaway from the forum is the interconnectedness of animal health, public safety, and trade policies. Although vaccines for poultry against HPAI exist, they aren’t approved in the U.S. due to potential trade complications. Dawn Hunter from the USDA highlighted the risks of masking infections in vaccinated flocks, which could jeopardize the export of U.S. poultry products. This cautious approach could cost billions if trade restrictions arise, indicating the delicate balance between health and commerce.

To better equip farmers and producers, several biosecurity resources are available:

• National Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP) – Focused on ensuring flocks are free of avian influenza.
• NC Diagnostic Laboratory System – Offers veterinary testing support.
• N.C. Poultry Resource and Education Program (NC PREP) – Supplies information and support to backyard flock owners.

As the situation develops, it’s crucial for stakeholders across the industry to stay informed and focused on preventive measures. The collective responsibility is to not only safeguard our livestock but ensure the health and safety of consumers everywhere.

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