Quantum computers rely on Quantum Error Correction (QEC) to preserve information when measuring qubits collapses their quantum superposition states. The technique uses redundancy to create “logical qubits” out of many physical qubits and applies specialized parity checks to turn analog noise into binary error detection events.
The challenge is that these signals only show that an error happened somewhere within a bounded spacetime region of the quantum circuit, not its exact location. To identify the likely error locations and calculate corrections, QEC decoders are used, including the neural network decoder AlphaQubit (trained on real data) and algorithmic decoder Tesseract.
If errors are sufficiently rare, these decoders can restore the logical quantum information by analyzing the error detection data. But they do not explain why the errors happened.
Some errors come from decoherence, the unavoidable interaction between a quantum system and its surrounding environment. This process destroys macroscopic quantum superpositions and effectively turns quantum computers into classical ones. Other errors are linked to imprecise control calibration and hardware drift, which remain within reach of mitigation.
Source: research.google.
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